Bibliographies: 'Days previous' – Grafiati (2024)

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AbstractBackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a common disorder after childbirth. The strongest known predictors are a history of depression and/or a history of PPD. However, for a significant proportion of women, PPD constitutes their first depressive episode. This study aimed to gain further insight into the risk factors for PPD in first time mothers without previous psychiatric contact.MethodsWomen delivering in Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, from May 2006 to June 2007, were asked to participate and filled out questionnaires five days and six weeks postpartum, containing inter alia the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Univariate logistic regression models, as well as a path analysis, were performed to unveil the complex interplay between the study variables.ResultsOf the 653 participating primiparas, 10.3% and 6.4% reported depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 12 points) five days and six weeks postpartum, respectively. In the path analysis, a positive association between anxiety proneness and depressive symptoms at five days and six weeks postpartum was identified. For depressive symptoms six weeks after delivery, additional risk factors were detected, namely depressive symptoms five days postpartum and subjective experience of problems with the baby. Caesarean section and assisted vagin*l delivery were associated with fewer depressive symptoms at 6 six weeks postpartum.ConclusionsIdentification of anxiety proneness, delivery mode and problems with the baby as risk factors for self-reported depressive symptoms postpartum in this group of primiparas can be important in helping health care professionals identify women at increased risk of affective disorders in the perinatal period, and provide a base for early intervention.

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Abstract From 2003 through 2009, 687 of 2885 patients (23.8%) treated for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in clinical studies in Myanmar or on the Thailand-Myanmar border had recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria within 63 days, compared with 18 of 429 patients (4.2%) from 2010 onward (risk ratio [RR], 0.176; 95% confidence interval, .112–.278; P < .0001). Corresponding data from 42 days of follow-up revealed that 820 of 3883 patients (21.1%) had recurrent P. vivax malaria before 2010, compared with 22 of 886 (2.5%) from 2010 onward (RR, 0.117; 95% CI, .077–.177; P < .0001). This 6-fold reduction suggests a recent decline in P. vivax transmission intensity and, thus, a substantial reduction in the proportion of individuals harboring hypnozoites.

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Male meadow voles differed in their copulatory behaviour, mating and reproductive success, and odour preferences for successively encountered mates, when the interval between pairing with two females was 1 h, 1 day, 4 days, 7 days or 10 days. Male voles had shorter latencies to first ejacul*tion with female 2 than with female 1 when the interval was 1 h, which may be attributed to heightened sexual arousal in males for female 2. Males also had shorter copulatory bouts with female 2 than with female 1 when the intervals between pairings were 1 h and 1 day. Shorter copulation bouts may allow more mating opportunities for both sexes and encourage multiple mating. Male voles also preferred the scent marks of female 2 to those of female 1 when the interval between pairing was 7 or 10 days, suggesting that these females were treated as distinct entities.

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Epidural catheters can cause a number of rare, serious complications. The following case report describes a patient who received continuous epidural analgesia following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Fifty-three days after the cystectomy, the patient underwent emergency surgery for a metastasis at the vertebral level where the epidural catheter had been inserted. A metastasis at the site of an epidural catheter, which may be a direct complication of epidural analgesia, is a previously unreported event. Local, anatomical and pathological factors which may have led to the patient developing a metastasis at the epidural site are discussed.

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This paper analyses the factors affecting the heating consumption of a heating substation. The input parameters of neural network prediction model are analysed and selected. The average absolute error, average absolute percentage error, and mean square error are used to evaluate the effect of the prediction model. The results show that when the model input parameters are the maximum outdoor temperature, the average outdoor temperature, the average temperature difference between the primary supply and return of domestic hot water, the heating load in the previous three days, the heating load in the previous two days, the heating load in the previous day and when the model input parameters are the maximum outdoor temperature, the minimum outdoor temperature, the average outdoor temperature, the average temperature difference between the primary supply and return of domestic hot water, the heating load of the previous three days, the heating load of the previous two days, the heating load of the previous day, the effects are better.

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Introduction: Drug dependence is a chronic medical illness that often requires multiple treatment episodes and the use of health services. However, patterns related to substance use and abuse treatment are not well known. Two critical factors that have not been explored in relation to the number of prior substance use treatment episodes (PSUTEs) are multiple age groups and waiting periods. Hence, the first aim of this study was to examine if the frequency of prior substance use treatment episodes varies by different age categories. The second aim was to assess the extent to which the waiting period prior to receipt of substance use treatment services influences the likelihood of experiencing multiple treatment episodes. Methods: Data used for this research was the 2018 Treatment Episodes Data Set— Admissions (TEDS-A) (N= 1,935,541), which comprised of admissions to alcohol or drug treatment facilities across the United States. Descriptive statistics of participants was conducted. Bivariate and Zero-Inflated Poisson regression (ZIPR) analyses were performed to evaluate the number of PSUTEs associated with age and days waiting to enter a treatment facility while adjusting for other potential confounders. Andersen's healthcare utilization model was used to categorize covariates into predisposing, enabling, needs, and environmental factors. P-value ≤ 0.01 was considered the criteria for rejection of all null hypotheses. Results: Among participants, the average frequency of PSUTE was 1.60. About 34.2% were 25-32 years old, while 19.2% had a waiting period of between 1 to 7 days. Bivariate analysis showed that the number of PSUTEs (0 to ≥ 5) was significantly associated with all age groups and waiting periods, respectively. The results for age showed that 1.4% (12-17 years old), 8.4% (18-24 years old), 14.7% (25-34 years old), 16.7% (35-49 years old), and 18.1% (≥ 50 years old) reported ≥ 5 PUSTEs. For individuals with a waiting period of ≥ 31 days, the number of PSUTEs included 36.5% (no PUSTE), 20.2% (1 PUSTE), 12.3% (2 PUSTEs), 6.8% (3 PUSTEs), 4.2% (4 PUSTEs), and 20.0% (≥ 5 PUSTEs). ZIPR analysis demonstrated that the predicted log count of PSUTE increased significantly for every increase in age category. While for every increase in the number of days waiting to enter treatment, the predicted log count of PSUTEs significantly decreased. All potential confounders including, gender, race, living arrangement, type of treatment or service setting at admission, primary substance used, presence of co-occurring mental & substance use disorder, health insurance, and census region, were significantly associated with the frequency of previous substance use treatment episodes (P-value ≤0.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that multiple age categories and wait periods are significant predictors of the number of previous substance use treatment episodes. Notably, younger participants showed fewer prior episodes than older participants. These factors should be considered in order to develop effective strategies to improve treatment use and access to substance use treatment facilities. Therefore, more research is needed to explore these factors as well as other unknown predictors influencing multiple substance use treatment episodes.

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Este trabalho, um estudo do tipo qualitativo, teve como objetivo compreender de que modo os educadores matemáticos podem fazer emergir o conhecimento primeiro dos educandos no que se refere a grandezas e medidas , legitimando-os e procurando formas de dialogar com os educandos. Os dados/fatos foram coletados a partir de entrevistas com oito educandos de uma 6ª série (sete encontros) da Escola Estadual Antonio Candido Correa Guimarães Filho. Em cada encontro era esperado que uma questão associada a grandezas e medidas desencadeasse um processo gerador/problematizador em busca dos conhecimentos (primeiro) dos alunos. Os princípios da etnomatemática e as idéias de Paulo Freire, assim como teorizações sócio-construtivistas, constituíram os fundamentos da pesquisa. No que se refere às evidências de pesquisa, podemos, de início, dizer que as manifestações dos alunos estão envolvidas mais por uma arte ao formular, resolver e buscar aplicações em termos de grandezas e medidas do que por uma compreensão mais ou menos técnica da maneira como se mede; tomam-se padrões para esta ou aquela grandeza; como se os organizam e opera-se com eles. Em termos de conclusão, vale ressaltar que o exercício feito pela pesquisadora de operacionalização de atitudes, de busca e valorização do conhecimento primeiro que aqui já se mostrou voltada para os estudos etnomatemáticos, especialmente no que se refere a o que o outro pensa, como o outro vê ativou mais e mais o olhar da pesquisadora para processos de cunho etnomatemático tanto no âmbito pedagógico como em termos de pesquisa.
This paper, a research of the type qualitative, has as an aim the understanding of how mathematics educators can bring forth the first knowledge (previous knowledge) of the learners regarding quantities and measures , legitimizing them and looking for ways to dialogue with the students. The data/facts were collected from the interviews with eight 6th grade students (seven meetings) of the State School Antonio Candido Correa Guimarães Filho. In each meeting it was expected that a question related to quantities and measures would trigger a generating/problematizing process in search of the knowledge (the first one) of the students. The principles of ethnomathematics and Paulo Freire\'s ideas as well as socioconstructivist theories constituted the basis of the research. Regarding the research evidences we can say, initially, that the students\' answers are involved more by an art when posing, solving and looking for applications in terms of quantities and measures, than by a more or less technical understanding of the way one measures, defines standards for this or that quantity, organizes them and works with them. In general, the research development allowed us to conclude that it is worth to emphasize that the exercise of the operationalization of attitudes, by the researcher, the quest for and the appreciation of first knowledge - that here has already shown itself focusing on ethnomathematics studies, especially with regard to what the \"other\" thinks, how the \"other\" sees - more and more enabled the researcher to look at the processes of an ethnomathematics nature both within the pedagogical scope as in terms of research.

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A Ressonância Magnética (RM) é uma técnica capaz de obter informação relativa à anatomia, fisiologia e fisiopatologia de órgãos internos de um modo não invasivo, permitindo a deteção precoce e caracterização das doenças, contribuindo para a decisão terapêutica.As suas características podem causar ansiedade nos pacientes, levando a uma diminuição da qualidade das imagens radiológicas, resultados falaciosos/inconclusivos e desistência dos pacientes.Neste âmbito, foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro para validar os instrumentos utilizados. O segundo, exploratório, procurou aprofundar conhecimento sobre a ansiedade associada à realização de RM, relacionando-a com variáveis como o número de vezes que o paciente realizou o exame, as diferentes categorias do exame e o conhecimento prévio do doente sobre este.No primeiro estudo, demonstrou-se a validade dos instrumentos aplicados. No segundo, corroboram-se algumas hipóteses e foi possível compreender o funcionamento das variáveis na presente amostra, demonstrando que são necessários estudos mais aprofundados sobre o tema; ABSTRACT:Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a technique to obtain information about the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of internal organs of a noninvasively way, allowing the early detection and characterization of the diseases, contributing to the therapeutic decision.The characteristics of this exam may cause anxiety in patients, leading to a decrease in radiological images quality, fallacious/inconclusive results and patient withdrawal.In this context, two studies were conducted. The first to validate the instruments used. The second, exploratory, sought to deepen knowledge about the anxiety associated with MRI, relating it to variables such as the number of times the patient underwent the examination, the different categories of MRI, and previous knowledge about the MRI.In the first study, the validity of the applied instruments was demonstrated. In the second, some hypotheses were corroborated and allowed us to understand the functioning of the variables in the present sample, demonstrating the need for more in-depth studies on the subject.

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A presente pesquisa de cunho qualitativo tem como propósito responder à seguinte questão: quais as tensões e re-ações dos professores de matemática que atuam na Educação de Jovens e Adultos, frente a situações de ensino-aprendizagem da geometria que ocorrem a partir do conhecimento construído pelo aluno ao longo de sua vida/trabalho? Desse modo, nos aproximamos dos professores que atuam na Educação de Jovens e Adultos de escolas públicas de São Paulo, tanto pela via de questionários como pelo diálogo sobre suas expectativas e postura pedagógica a partir de questões reflexivas sobre a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) e o ensino da geometria. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram, entre outros aspectos que, embora o ensino da geometria seja pouco delineado nos planos de trabalho da EJA, ainda assim, os professores participantes do estudo mostraram-se conscientes de sua importância e das possíveis contribuições do seu ensino. Nessa perspectiva, a pouca experiência com a prática pedagógica da geometria aliada à dominância da matemática escolar parecem levar a obstáculo quando os professores procuram elaborar atividades relacionando a geometria com a vida cotidiana do educando. A análise das manifestações aponta que os esforços empreendidos pelos professores na busca de reconhecer/respeitar os conhecimentos prévios dos alunos estão repletos de tensão e ansiedade dada a expectativa da necessidade de contextualizar/problematizar o ensino da geometria a partir da realidade do educando adulto.
The current qualitative research aims at answering the following question: what are the tensions and reactions of the mathematics teachers who dwell in the Education of Youngsters and Adults, in light of situations of teaching-learning geometry from the knowledge built by the student along his life/work? Therefore, we approached the teachers who work with Education of Youngsters and Adults in public schools from São Paulo, both, through questionnaires and dialogue, talking about their expectations and pedagogical posture from reflexive questions about the Education of Youngsters and Adults and the teaching of geometry. The results of the research indicated, among other aspects, that although the teaching of geometry is not adequately outlined in the working plans of Education of Youngsters and Adults, still the teachers participating in the study demonstrated that they were aware of their importance and of the possible contributions of their teachings. In this perspective, the little experience with the pedagogical practice of geometry combined with the dominance of school mathematics seem to lead to an obstacle when the teachers try to elaborate activities relating geometry with the daily life of the student. The analysis of the manifestations indicates that the efforts of the teachers in the search to recognize/respect the previous knowledge of the students are full of tension and anxiety given the expectation of the necessity to contextualize/problematize the teaching of geometry from the reality of the adult student.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de uma sequência didática em nível de Ensino Médio sobre Leis de Newton, para ser utilizada com o método de ensino Peer Instruction. (Instrução pelos Colegas). Esta sequência didática foi aplicada em quatro turmas (totalizando 118 alunos) da primeira série do Ensino Médio Técnico de uma escola pública de Novo Hamburgo – RS. A concepção de todo o material elaborado foi alicerçada na Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Paul Ausubel. As aulas foram estruturadas em sete encontros de uma hora e quarenta minutos cada um, sendo que em seis deles foi empregado o método Peer Instruction para a aprendizagem conceitual do conteúdo, intercalando-se questões envolvendo cálculos e o último encontro foi destinado à avaliação de todas as etapas do processo. A análise dos dados revela que as turmas obtiveram ganhos significativos de aprendizagem. Observou-se que as discussões entre os colegas foram proveitosas, propiciando a participação dos alunos como protagonistas do seu próprio processo de ensino-aprendizagem e levaram a um aumento do percentual de acertos das questões conceituais propostas. O retorno dado pelos alunos demonstra que a dinâmica da aula os motiva a trabalhar e os mantêm envolvidos com o trabalho por mais tempo. Conclui-se que esta sistemática pode se estender a outros conteúdos da Física, aumentando a interação entre os alunos e a reflexão crítica sobre os fenômenos que estão sendo abordados. Para a aplicação desta proposta foram elaboradas: tarefas prévias, os momentos da sequência didática e um banco de questões conceituais.
This work aimed to develop a high school level didactical sequence about Newton’s Laws of motion, suitable for use with Peer Instruction teaching method. This didactical sequence was implemented in four first grade classes (totaling 118 students) of a public technical High School in Novo Hamburgo (Brazil). The conception of all material was based on David Paul Ausubel’s Meaningful Learning Theory. The classes were organized in seven meetings of one hour and forty minutes each. The Peer Instruction method was used for conceptual learning during six of these meetings, interspersing questions involving calculations. The last meeting was dedicated to evaluate all the stages of the process. The performance analysis of the data reveals that the students obtained significant learning gains. The discussions among the students were useful, allowing the participation of students as protagonists of their own teaching-learning process and led to an increase in the percentage of correct answers to the proposed conceptual questions. The feedback given by the students demonstrates that the dynamics of the class motivates them to work and keeps them involved with the work. We can conclude that this systematics can be extended to other contents of Physics, stimulating the interaction between the students and the reflection on the phenomena that are being approached. For the application of this proposal were elaborated: previous tasks, a didactical sequence in moments and a bank of conceptual questions.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Diante da perspectiva do aumento de extremos de precipita??o pluvial devido ?s mudan?as clim?ticas, estudar a influ?ncia da atividade ciclo solar e fluxo de raios c?smicos nessa vari?vel meteorol?gica ? de grande import?ncia. A precipita??o pluvial ? um fator preponderante para a agricultura, setor energ?tico, pecu?ria e para a economia. Com isso, ? de extrema import?ncia estudar a rela??o entre elas. Inicialmente, houve a necessidade de reconstruir diversas s?ries hist?ricas com percentual inferior a 60% de dados faltantes nas s?ries hist?ricas de GCR, em que, o m?todo MTSDI foi apontado como o melhor modelo, entre aquelas estudadas, para a realiza??o de imputa??o de dados observacionais de GCR. Sendo assim, escolhida a esta??o de Huancayo/PER para correlacionar com a precipita??o pluvial na regi?o Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Verificou-se que houve coer?ncia estat?stica pela t?cnica de Wavelet Coherence entre a precipita??o pluvial com GCR e SSN na escala mensal, sazonal, anual, interanual e interdecadal. Pela t?cnica de Maximal Overlay Transform (MODWT) constatou-se que existe correla??o significativa entre as s?ries estudadas nas escalas de 5,3 anos, 10,6 anos, 22,3 anos e 44,6 anos. E, por fim, pode-se construir um modelo para predizer a s?rie hist?rica da precipita??o pluvial, mostrando-se satisfat?rio. Portanto, essa pesquisa mostrou que existe influ?ncia do fluxo de raios c?smicos e da atividade solar na precipita??o pluvial regi?o tropical Brasileira.
Considering the perspective of increasing extremes of rainfall due to climate change, studying the influence of solar cycle activity and cosmic ray flux on this meteorological variable is of great importance. Rainfall is a preponderant factor for agriculture, the energy sector, livestock and for the economy. With this, it is extremely important to study the relationship between them. Initially, it was necessary to reconstruct several historical series with a percentage of less than 60% of missing data in the historical GCR series, in which the MTSDI method was pointed out as the best model, among those studied, to perform the imputation of observational data Of GCR. Thus, the Huancayo / PER station was chosen to correlate with rainfall in the North and Northeast of Brazil. It was verified that there was statistical coherence by the Wavelet Coherence technique between rainfall with GCR and SSN in the monthly, seasonal, annual, interannual and interdecadal scale. Maximal Overlay Transform (MODWT) showed that there is a significant correlation between the series studied in the scales of 5.3 years, 10.6 years, 22.3 years and 44.6 years. And, finally, a model can be constructed to predict the historical series of rainfall, proving to be satisfactory. Therefore, this research showed that there is influence of cosmic rays flux and solar activity on Brazilian tropical precipitation.

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Pendant longtemps, le voyage mental dans le temps a été considéré comme unique à l’humain. Selon des auteurs, les animaux ne pourraient pas se projeter dans le passé ou le futur parce qu’ils sont ancrés dans le présent. Néanmoins, pendant les 30 dernières années les chercheurs ont apporté des connaissances considérables sur les capacités des animaux à se souvenir de leur passé et à anticiper leur futur. Même si les opinions ont évolué, le débat sur l’unicité du voyage mental dans le temps est toujours d’actualité. Le but de ma thèse est d’apporter de nouvelles données sur les capacités des animaux à se souvenir du passé et à anticiper le futur. Plus particulièrement, je me suis intéressée à la mémoire de la source, qui est la capacité de retrouver l’origine d’un souvenir, chez deux espèces animales très éloignées, la seiche commune Sepia officinalis, et le geai des chênes, Garrulus glandarius. Les résultats ont montré que les seiches étaient capables de résoudre une tâche de discrimination perceptive, montrant qu’elles pouvaient discriminer et retenir leurs propres perceptions après un délai de 3 heures. Les geais, eux, ont révélé des différences mâles/femelles inattendues concernant leur capacité d’encoder et de retrouver une information contextuelle non-intentionnelle (source contextuelle). Une étude sur le comportement orienté vers le futur a montré que les seiches étaient capables de prendre une décision dans le présent en fonction de ce qu’elles avaient appris dans le passé, et en fonction des conditions expérimentales futures. Une étude préliminaire sur la planification a également apporté des résultats prometteurs sur la capacité des seiches à anticiper leurs besoins futurs. Enfin, nous avons pu explorer et mettre en lumière pour la première fois les substrats neuroanatomiques de la mémoire de type épisodique chez la seiche. Ces résultats permettent d’enrichir nos connaissances sur le voyage mental dans le temps chez la seiche et chez le geai, suggérant que cette capacité cognitive complexe peut avoir évolué sous différentes contraintes environnementales
Some authors support that mental time travel is unique to humans. To their point of view, animals are not able to project themselves into the past of the future because they are bound into the present. Nevertheless, during the last 30 years, researchers have brought considerable knowledge on animals’ capacities to travel mentally through time. Even though opinions have evolved, the debate concerning the unicity of mental time travel is still on. My PhD thesis aimed at bringing further knowledge on this matter by focusing on an innovative aspect of episodic cognition in common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis and Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius, namely, source-memory. Source-memory is the capacity to retrieve the origin of an episodic memory. Results showed that cuttlefish were able to perform a source-discrimination study, revealing that they were able to discriminate and retrieve their own perceptions after 3-hours delay. A study on jays’ capacity to encode incidentally a contextual information (contextual source) revealed unexpected differences between males and females. Investigation of future-oriented behaviour in cuttlefish showed that they were able to take a decision in the present according to previous encoded knowledge and according to future experimental conditions. A preliminary study also revealed promising results on cuttlefish capacity to anticipate their future needs. To finish, we explored and revealed for the first time the neuronal substrates of episodic-like memory in cuttlefish. Alltogether, these results provide new knowledge on mental time travel in cuttlefish and in jays, suggesting that this capacity would have evolved under different environmental contraints

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Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ensino do 1º e 2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico
O presente relatório de estágio aborda os resultados da implementação de um projeto deintervenção pedagógica, desenvolvida no âmbito da Unidade Curricular de Prática de EnsinoSupervisionada que por sua vez é parte integrante no plano de estudos do Mestrado em Ensino do 1º e2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, na Universidade do Minho. Este projeto foi implementado numa turma do 3ºano de escolaridade numa Escola Básica de 1º Ciclo e numa turma do 6º ano de escolaridade numaEscola Básica de 2º e 3º Ciclos , ambas as escolas pertenciam ao mesmo Agrupamento. As atividadesexperimentais incidiram-se no “Bloco 3 – À Descoberta do Ambiente Natural”, no 3º ano, e na“Transmissão de vida: reprodução de plantas”, no 6º ano.O principal objetivo deste trabalho, tal como o próprio título antecipa, residiu em avaliar ainfluência da aplicação de atividades laboratoriais do tipo Prevê-Observa-Explica no ensino das ciênciasno 1º e 2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, nomeadamente no tema da germinação. Para isso, nos dois ciclos,procedeu-se a um levantamento de ideias prévias através da realização de um questionário (pré-teste)com questões sobre a temática em estudo, confrontou-se os alunos com atividades experimentais eavaliou-se a evolução das suas ideias através da realização de outro questionário (pós-teste).Através da análise e comparação de resultados do pré-teste com os resultados do pós-teste, asatividades implementadas mostraram influenciar positivamente as deias dos alunos relativamente aostópicos programáticos uma vez que que desencadeou uma mudança concetual nos alunos.
This internship report deals with the results of the implementation of a pedagogical interventionproject, developed within the scope of the Supervised Teaching Practice Course which in turn is an integralpart of the Master Programme in Teaching at the 1st and 2nd Cycles of Elementary Education, at theUniversity of Minho. This project was implemented in a group of the 3rd year of schooling in a BasicSchool of 1st Cycle and in a group of the 6th year of schooling in a Basic School of 2nd and 3rd Cycles,both schools belonged to the same Grouping. Experimental activities focused on "Block 3 - Discoveringthe Natural Environment" in the 3rd year, and on "Life Transmission: Plant Breeding", in the 6th year.The main objective of this work, as the title itself anticipates, was to evaluate the influence of theapplication of Previses-Observes-Explains laboratory activities in the teaching of science in the 1st and2nd Cycle of Basic Education, namely in the germination theme. In order to do this, in the two cycles, aprevious research was carried out by means of a questionnaire (pre-test) with questions about the subjectunder study, the students were confronted with experimental activities and the evolution of the their ideasthrough another questionnaire (post-test).Through the analysis and comparison of the results of the pre-test with the results of the posttest,the implemented activities showed a positive influence on the students' deities regarding theprogrammatic topics since it triggered a conceptual change in the students.

Abstract:

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico
O presente relatório insere-se numa investigação e intervenção pedagógica noâmbito da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada (PES) do Mestrado em Pré-Escolar e Ensinodo 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, com a temática de estudo “Trajeto(s) na Construção doConhecimento: das conceções prévias às novas aprendizagens” no 1º Ciclo do EnsinoBásico, realizado numa escola do concelho de Braga com uma turma do 2º ano deescolaridade.Para a investigação recorreu-se a algumas das caraterísticas da metodologia deinvestigação-ação, tendo como objetivos de estudo compreender a relevância dasconceções prévias e dos conhecimentos pré-adquiridos pelos alunos na construção denovas aprendizagens e, avaliar/refletir sobre esse progresso de mudança concetual aolongo de todo o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Partindo do levantamento inicial dosconhecimentos dos alunos e sucessiva (re)construção de novas aprendizagens, contruiuseum Projeto Curricular Integrado (PCI), intitulado “Será que existe ciência nasprofissões?”, que permitiu o desenvolvimento de atividades integradoras, flexíveis edinâmicas.Toda a intervenção pedagógica surgia de um levantamento inicial de experiênciase ideias prévias dos alunos nas sucessivas atividades propostas. Estas contaram com umadiversificação de metodologias, estratégias e adequações ao currículo, de maneira aincluir os alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais (NEE) e AdequaçõesCurriculares (AC) num projeto comum a todos. Ao contactarem com o objeto ouacontecimento significativo, partindo à descoberta com uma atitude de pesquisa, osalunos confrontavam o novo conhecimento com o que já tinham retido nos seus esquemasmentais, alterando-os e reorganizando-os, atribuindo-lhe um significado próprio e pessoalcom funcionalidade e coerência.Os resultados de todo este projeto de investigação e intervenção revelam que ovalorizar e reforçar as experiências e ideias prévias da criança, tendo uma clara atençãoas características e potencialidades de cada e de todos os alunos, valoriza as histórias eexperiências de vida de cada aluno, promove um maior interesse e motivação no seuprocesso de ensino e aprendizagem e, por outro lado, facilita a construção edesenvolvimento de uma prática diferenciada, inovadora e integradora.
The present report is inserted in a research and educational intervention under theSupervised Teaching Practice (STP) of the Master in Preschool Education and Teachingin the First Cycle of Basic Education, with study thematic "Path (s) in the Building ofKnowledge: from the previous conceptions to the new learnings” in the 1st cycle of BasicEducation performed at a school from the city of Braga with a class from the 2nd grade.For the investigation was used some characteristics of the investigation-actionmethodology, having has study objective the understanding of the importance of previousconceptions and the acquired knowledge from students on the construction of newlearning and, evaluate / reflect about the progress of conceptual change throughout all theprocess of teaching and learning. Starting from the initial collection of students'knowledge and successive (re) constructions of new learning, it was constructed a ProjectIntegrated Curriculum (PIC), entitled "Is there science in professions?", which allowedthe development of the integrative, flexible and dynamic activities.All pedagogical intervention emerged from an initial collection of experiences andprevious ideas from students in the successive proposed activities. These relied with adiversification of methodologies, strategies and adaptations to the curriculum in order toinclude students with Special Educational Needs (SEN) and Curricular adaptations (CA)in a project common to all. When they contact with the object or significant event, startinga discovery with a research attitude, the students faced the new knowledge with what theyhad retained in their mental schemes, changing and reorganizing them, giving it a verypersonal meaning with functionality and coherence.The results of all this research project and intervention shows that when theexperiences and the child's previous ideas are valorized and re-forced, having attention tothe needs and potential of each and every student, the stories and life experiences of eachstudent are valorized, promoting a greater interest and motivation in the process ofteaching and learning and, on the other hand, facilitates the construction and developmentof a differentiated and innovative integrated practice.

Abstract:

In Cinema's Baroque Flesh, Saige Walton draws on the philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty to argue for a distinct aesthetic category of film and a unique cinema of the senses: baroque cinema. Combining media archaeological work with art history, phenomenology, and film studies, the book offers close analyses of a range of historic baroque artworks and films, including Caché, Strange Days, the films of Buster Keaton, and many more. Walton pursues previously unexplored connections between film, the baroque, and the body, opening up new avenues of embodied film theory that can make room for structure, signification, and thought, as well as the aesthetics of sensation.

Abstract:

The Early 20th Century Resurgence of the Tibetan Buddhist World is a cohesive collection of studies by Japanese, Russian and Central Asian scholars deploying previously unexplored Russian, Mongolian, and Tibetan sources concerning events and processes in the Central Asian Buddhist world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Set in the final days of the Qing empire when Russian and British empires were expanding into Central Asia, this work examines the interplay of religious, economic and political power among peoples who acknowledged the religious authority of Tibet's Dalai Lama. It focuses on diplomatic initiatives involving the 13th Dalai Lama and other Tibetan Buddhist hierarchs during and after his exile in Mongolia and China, as well as his relations with Mongols, and with Buriat, Kalmyk, and other Russian Buddhists. It demonstrates how these factors shaped historical processes in the region, not least the reformulations of both group identity and political consciousness.

Abstract:

Il volume offre numerosi spunti sul tema Permanenze e innovazioni nell'architettura del Mediterraneo, dimostrandone l'ampiezza di aspetti riconducibili alla Tecnologia dell'architettura, di cui si evidenzia la flessibilità dei confini disciplinari con riferimento ai diversi significati assumibili dal concetto di risorsa. Letta in continuità con le precedenti pubblicazioni Osdotta, questa consente di seguire quanto si va sviluppando nel terzo livello di formazione in un momento particolarmente critico per l'istituzione universitaria, continuando a porre l'accento sul nodo domanda/offerta di ricerca, nel confronto con altre istituzioni e con il mondo della produzione di settore, nell'attuale scenario dominato da trasformazioni sempre più rapide e incisive. La qualificazione dei corsi di dottorato, attraverso la riflessione sugli esiti immediati e a lungo termine, parallelamente alla precisazione dei contenuti identitari del settore disciplinare, restano le principali sfide da continuare ad affrontare. This publication provides considerable material for reflection on the subject of Mediterranean Architecture between Heritage and Innovation, demonstrating the wide range of aspects linked to Architectural Technology, in which one is struck by the flexibility of the disciplinary boundaries with regard to the various meanings that can be applied to the concept of resource. Taken together with the previous publications of Osdotta, this consents one to trace the developments in the third level of education at a particularly critical time for the university institution; the emphasis continues to be placed on the crucial issue of supply/demand of research; the situation is compared with other institutions and with the world of production in this sector, in a present-day scenario dominated by ever more rapid and incisive transformations. The main challenges left to be faced are to improve the quality of PhD courses, after due reflection on the immediate and long-term results, whilst defining more precisely the identitary contents of the disciplinary sector.

Abstract:

The concluding chapter deals with an attempt to control the validity of some of the ideas about cultural hybridity and hom*ogenization proposed in previous chapters. In this regard, special attention has been paid to the reception of historiographical narratives on the Spanish Islamic buildings by their early modern contemporaries. This has required a review of several topics: the circ*mstances surrounding the dissemination of ideas through literature as well as through presence in the public milieu of civil and religious feast days and liturgies; the perpetuation of these lines of thought through intellectual traditions; visual imagery as a selective filtering device for ideas; and the contrast between local ideological agendas and foreign visitors’ perceptions.

Abstract:

On September 22, 1972, a nationwide dragnet swept up hundreds of Filipinos deemed hostile to the sudden imposition of martial law that day. They included politicians, journalists, civil rights activists, lawyers, and suspected members of the Communist-leaning insurgent New People's Army. In the days to come, more people would be apprehended and moved to detention centers. President Marcos declared that this drastic action was necessary because these sectors had all threatened to overthrow the government. Marcos had been impelled to act, it was reported, because of an assassination attempt on Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile while he was reportedly riding in his car in the late evening of September 22. Senator Raul Manglapus was in a Tokyo hotel on September 23, on his way to California for a series of speaking engagements, when he read about the assassination attempt in the Japan Times. He had left Manila the previous afternoon. This chapter presents a slightly edited account of that day, which Manglapus wrote on October 15, 1983, in Washington, D.C. This account appears in A Pen for Democracy, a compilation of published articles, letters, and U.S. congressional testimonies compiled by the Movement for a Free Philippines. It omits details about how those who managed to escape the dragnet made it out of the country, because when it was written, Marcos was still in full control, rounding up more suspects.

Abstract:

Treating patients with targeted antimicrobial therapy is the gold standard of care. However, empiric antimicrobial guidelines are in operation for many patients in primary or secondary care with infection. These guidelines are based on previous surveillance data and/or national recommendations, but the decision to start treatment and the choice of antimicrobial is a best-guess approach, based on clinical judgement. Microbiology laboratory results help guide and target therapies, but in general they take about 1 to 2 days to be available due to the processes involved in culturing organisms. Improvement in speed of diagnosis is the focus of research, particularly around molecular diagnostics. Near-patient testing and the use of biomarkers has been discussed as a way to tackle this issue. This chapter also considers the alternatives and future strategies that could be deployed to improve the targeted therapy of antimicrobials.

Abstract:

This chapter underscores the principal conclusions drawn in previous chapters, especially regarding Gregory’s penchant for thinking via complex and ambiguous chains of imagery. It also underscores the reactive nature of his texts. Gregory was continually prodded not only by opponents but also by allies to revisit his own writings, to clarify matters, and to defend himself. These provocations grew out of the networks he developed as a prominent bishop in the pro-Nicene, pro-Melitian camp favored by Theodosius. Coupled with his rhetorical education, his apprenticeship to his brother, and his preaching at the church’s feast days, this context of accusations and mutual testing led Gregory to write in a certain way, framing his works around objections and counterarguments. These writing practices are inseparable from his doctrinal theology, and they structure not only technical treatises but also homilies, letters, and orations intended for more general audiences.

Abstract:

AbstractIn June 2015, four multi-stakeholder platforms (Sanguie, Zondoma, Soum, and Association Yiye) were established in different regions of Burkina Faso to promote agricultural activities. By 2018, more than 200 farmers had already been trained on different aspects of the cowpea value chain including grain production, storage, and food processing skills. The platforms played a key role in the dissemination of new cowpea varieties through demonstrations, field days, the mass media, and social media. About 160 demonstrations were established by the members of the platforms every year from 2015 to 2018. Each platform was supported to produce 10 ha of certified seeds making a total of 40 ha each year and 160 ha during the four-year period. Due to the demand for foundation seeds that was increasing year after year in Burkina Faso and the inability of INERA to produce enough seeds, the most successful platform members were contracted by the INERA Seed Unit to produce foundation seeds in order to meet the high demand in the country for certified seed production. Although there are no official statistics about certified seeds produced in Burkina Faso in terms of demand, recent happenings have shown their increased production. For instance, in 2018 about 1000 tons of certified seeds were produced compared to previous years which had less than 700 tons.

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Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Trichogrammatidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Signiphoridae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Torymidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Perilampidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Trichogrammatidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Perilampidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Torymidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Signiphoridae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Abstract:

Uruguay has increased it preschool enrollment, reaching almost universal coverage among four- and five-year-olds. However, more than a third of children enrolled in preschool programs have insufficient attendance, with absenteeism higher in schools in lower socioeconomic areas and among younger preschool children. This paper presents the results of a behavioral intervention to increase preschool attendance nationwide. Most previous experiments using behavioral sciences have looked at the impact of nudging parents on attendance and learning for school-age children; this is the first experiment looking at both attendance and child development for preschool children. It is also the first behavioral intervention to use a government mobile app to send messages to parents of preschool children. The intervention had no average treatment effect on attendance, but results ranged widely across groups. Attendance by children in the 25th 75th percentiles of absenteeism rose by 0.320.68 days over the course of the 13-week intervention, and attendance among children in remote areas increased by 1.48 days. Among all children in the study, the intervention also increased language development by 0.10 standard deviations, an impact similar to that of very labor-intensive programs, such as home visits. The intervention had stronger effects on children in the remote provinces of Uruguay, increasing various domains of child development by about 0.33 to 0.37 standard deviations. Behavioral interventions seeking to reduce absenteeism and raise test scores usually nudge parents on both the importance of attendance and ways to improve child development. In this experiment, the nudges focused only on absenteeism but had an effect on both.

Abstract:

Intro: Undifferentiated dyspnea can be a complicated presentation muddled by patient comorbidities and similar symptomology shared among etiologies. Some studies have shown increased mortality and length of stay in the hospital when incorrectly initially diagnosed in the ED. US has been shown more effective at differentiating these causes and improves diagnostic accuracy. This study will implement US exam upon initial exam of patient and chart time to diagnosis/treatment, length of stay in ED, length of stay in hospital admissions versus discharge rates, and 30 day mortality. ADHF and COPD/asthma patient differentiation will be the focus. Methods: Prospective cohort study of more than 18 years that present with the primary complaint of dyspnea with more than one complicating comorbid condition. Initial exam by physician will be accompanied by cardiothoracic US previously verified. Results: Study powered by previous year average of time to diagnosis of institution. Patient characteristics, distribution by diagnostic category, and characteristics found on US in correlation with diagnosis will be included for multivariate analysis. Conclusions: We expect to see a singificant difference in our time to diagnosis/treatment and mortality rate.

Abstract:

Recent laboratory results confirm that it is possible to protect concrete from freezing solely using chemical admixtures and indicate that the amount of admixture required may be significantly less than previously recommended. Researchers have also verified that admixture-based freeze protection can produce concrete that is durable to winter exposure for a minimum of 20 years, through petrographic examination of core specimens obtained from past field demonstrations. Freeze protection for concrete using chemical admixtures alone has been an area of active research for 3 decades; however, the most recent methodology recommends very high addition rates of accelerating and corrosion inhibiting admixtures, which result in significant challenges, including slump loss, rapid setting, and potentially excessive temperature rise. As part of a laboratory study, researchers systematically varied the dosage of freeze protection admixtures used in concrete cured in a 23 °F environment. Preliminary findings indicate that a 50% reduction in admixture dose maintained adequate freeze protection and resulted in compressive strengths exceeding those of room-temperature controls at 7 and 28 days. The combination of improved handling, reduced cost, and verified durability associated with the use of admixtures for freeze protection makes a compelling case for broader adoption of this technique in winter operations

Abstract:

Highly imperiled Oregon white oak ecosystems are a regional conservation priority of numerous organizations, including Oregon Metro, a regional government serving over one million people in the Portland area. Previously dominant systems in the Pacific Northwest, upland prairie and oak woodlands are now experiencing significant threat, with only 2% remaining in the Willamette Valley in small fragments (Hulse et al. 2002). These fragments are of high conservation value because of the rich biodiversity they support, including rare and endemic species, such as Delphinium leucophaeum (Oregon Department of Agriculture, 2020). Since 2010, Metro scientists and volunteers have collected phenology data on approximately 140 species of forbs and graminoids in regional oak prairie and woodlands. Phenology is the study of life-stage events in plants and animals, such as budbreak and senescence in flowering plants, and widely acknowledged as a sensitive indicator of environmental change (Parmesan 2007). Indeed, shifts in plant phenology have been observed over the last few decades as a result of climate change (Parmesan 2006). In oak systems, these changes have profound implications for plant community composition and diversity, as well as trophic interactions and general ecosystem function (Willis 2008). While the original intent of Metro’s phenology data-collection was to track long-term phenology trends, limitations in data collection methods have made such analysis difficult. Rather, these data are currently used to inform seasonal management decisions on Metro properties, such as when to collect seed for propagation and when to spray herbicide to control invasive species. Metro is now interested in fine-tuning their data-collection methods to better capture long-term phenology trends to guide future conservation strategies. Addressing the regional and global conservation issues of our time will require unprecedented collaboration. Phenology data collected on Metro properties is not only an important asset for Metro’s conservation plan, but holds potential to support broader research on a larger scale. As a leader in urban conservation, Metro is poised to make a meaningful scientific contribution by sharing phenology data with regional and national organizations. Data-sharing will benefit the common goal of conservation and create avenues for collaboration with other scientists and conservation practitioners (Rosemartin 2013). In order to support Metro’s ongoing conservation efforts in Oregon white oak systems, I have implemented a three-part master’s project. Part one of the project examines Metro’s previously collected phenology data, providing descriptive statistics and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the methods by which the data were collected. Part two makes recommendations for improving future phenology data-collection methods, and includes recommendations for datasharing with regional and national organizations. Part three is a collection of scientific vouchers documenting key plant species in varying phases of phenology for Metro’s teaching herbarium. The purpose of these vouchers is to provide a visual tool for Metro staff and volunteers who rely on plant identification to carry out aspects of their job in plant conservation. Each component of this project addresses specific aspects of Metro’s conservation program, from day-to-day management concerns to long-term scientific inquiry.

Abstract:

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circ*mstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursem*nts continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.

Abstract:

The coordination of transportation and land use (also known as “smart growth”) has been a long-standing goal for planning and engineering professionals, but to this day it remains an elusive concept to realize. Leaving us with this central question -- how can we best achieve transportation and land use coordination at the corridor level? In response, this report provides a review of literature and practice related to sustainability, livability, and equity (SLE) with a focus on corridor-level planning. Using Caltrans’ Corridor Planning Process Guide and Smart Mobility Framework as guideposts, this report also reviews various principles, performance measures, and place typology frameworks, along with current mapping and planning support tools (PSTs). The aim being to serve as a guidebook that agency staff can use for reference, synergizing planning insights from various data sources that had not previously been brought together in a practical frame. With this knowledge and understanding, a key section provides a discussion of tools and metrics and how they can be used in corridor planning. For illustration purposes, this report uses the Smart Mobility Calculator (https://smartmobilitycalculator. netlify.app/), a novel online tool designed to make key data easily available for all stakeholders to make better decisions. For more information on this tool, see https://transweb.sjsu.edu/research/1899-Smart-Growth-Equity-Framework-Tool. The Smart Mobility Calculator is unique in that it incorporates statewide datasets on urban quality and livability which are then communicated through a straightforward visualization planners can readily use. Core sections of this report cover the framework and concepts upon which the Smart Mobility Calculator is built and provides examples of its functionality and implementation capabilities. The Calculator is designed to complement policies to help a variety of agencies (MPOs, DOTs, and local land use authorities) achieve coordination and balance between transportation and land use at the corridor level.

Abstract:

Macroeconomic Summary Overall inflation (1.61%) and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) (1.11%) both declined beyond the technical staff’s expectations in the fourth quarter of 2020. Year-end 2021 forecasts for both indicators were revised downward to 2.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Market inflation expectations also fell over this period and suggested inflation below the 3% target through the end of this year, rising to the target in 2022. Downward pressure on inflation was more significant in the fourth quarter than previously projected, indicating weak demand. Annual deceleration among the main groups of the consumer price index (CPI) was generalized and, except for foods, was greater than projected in the October report. The CPI for goods (excluding foods and regulated items) and the CPI for regulated items were subject to the largest decelerations and forecasting discrepancies. In the first case, this was due in part to a greater-than-expected effect on prices from the government’s “VAT-fee day” amid weak demand, and from the extension of some price relief measures. For regulated items, the deceleration was caused in part by unanticipated declines in some utility prices. Annual change in the CPI for services continued to decline as a result of the performance of those services that were not subject to price relief measures, in particular. Although some of the overall decline in inflation is expected to be temporary and reverse course in the second quarter of 2021, various sources of downward pressure on inflation have become more acute and will likely remain into next year. These include ample excesses in capacity, as suggested by the continued and greater-than-expected deceleration in core inflation indicators and in the CPI for services excluding price relief measures. This dynamic is also suggested by the minimal transmission of accumulated depreciation of the peso on domestic prices. Although excess capacity should fall in 2021, the decline will likely be slower than projected in the October report amid additional restrictions on mobility due to a recent acceleration of growth in COVID-19 cases. An additional factor is that low inflation registered at the end of 2020 will likely be reflected in low price adjustments on certain indexed services with significant weight in the CPI, including real estate rentals and some utilities. These factors should keep inflation below the target and lower than estimates from the previous report on the forecast horizon. Inflation is expected to continue to decline to levels near 1% in March, later increasing to 2.3% at the end of 2021 and 2.7% at year-end 2022 (Graph 1.1). According to the Bank’s most recent survey, market analysts expect inflation of 2.7% and 3.1% in December 2021 and 2022, respectively. Expected inflation derived from government bonds was 2% for year-end 2021, while expected inflation based on bonds one year forward from that date (FBEI 1-1 2022) was 3.2%.